A HYBRID GEOID MODEL FOR THE PERLIS REGION, MALAYSIA BASED ON CADASTRAL REFERENCE MARKS AND A GEOMETRIC APPROACH

Authors

• Muhammad Aiman Haiqal Abdul Malek, An Nur Integrated Survey (M) Sdn Bhd, Wisma An Nur, No 13a, Jalan Utama Suria Tropika 1, Suria Tropika, 43300 Seri Kembangan,Selangor , Malaysia
• Muhammad Faiz Pa’suya, Faculty of Built Environment, Perlis Branch, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 02600, Arau Campus, Arau, Perlis, MalaysiaFollow
• Ramazan Alpay Abbak, Department of Geomatics Engineering, Konya Technical University, Konya, Turkiye
• Ami Hassan Md Din, Geospatial Imaging and Information Research Group (GI2RG), Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
• Noorfatekah Talib, Faculty of Built Environment, Perlis Branch, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 02600, Arau Campus, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Subject Area

Civil and Environmental Engineering

Article Type

Original Study

Abstract

This study presents the development of a high-resolution local geoid model for the Perlis region, Malaysia, using a geometric approach that integrates GNSS-levelling benchmarks with Cadastral Reference Mark (CRM) data. A total of 38 GNSS-levelling benchmarks were used as reference points, while 3,725 CRMs were incorporated to significantly enhance spatial coverage for geoid modelling. Orthometric heights at the CRM points were first determined by transferring heights from the reference benchmarks using gravimetric geoid information. Subsequently, geometric geoid heights were computed from the differences between ellipsoidal and orthometric heights. Five interpolation techniques were evaluated to generate the geometric geoid surface, namely Kriging, Polynomial, Inverse Distance to a Power, Nearest Neighbour, and Moving Average. Independent validation was carried out using 21 GNSS-levelling points observed using the Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) method. The results indicate that the Inverse Distance to a Power interpolation provides the best performance, achieving a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 5.47 cm. Further comparison with Malaysia’s official hybrid geoid model shows that the developed geometric geoid improves accuracy by approximately 2 cm over the study area, demonstrating its practical advantage for local height determination. The findings demonstrate that the integration of dense CRM data within a geometric geoid framework offers a cost-effective and reliable alternative for local geoid determination, particularly in regions with limited conventional levelling coverage. This approach also highlights the potential of Malaysia’s CRM database to support accurate vertical datum realisation and practical height determination applications.

Keywords

Hybrid geoid model, geometric geoid, GNSS-levelling data, Perlis

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Recommended Citation

Abdul Malek, Muhammad Aiman Haiqal; Pa’suya, Muhammad Faiz; Abbak, Ramazan Alpay; Din, Ami Hassan Md; and Talib, Noorfatekah (2026) "A HYBRID GEOID MODEL FOR THE PERLIS REGION, MALAYSIA BASED ON CADASTRAL REFERENCE MARKS AND A GEOMETRIC APPROACH," Mansoura Engineering Journal: Vol. 51 : Iss. 3 , Article 4.
Available at: https://doi.org/10.58491/2735-4202.3455